Engineering Design Technology
Overview
The Engineering Design Technology Department teaches courses in (1) building architectural, mechanical, electrical, plumbing and piping design and drafting for residential and commercial buildings and (2) CAD programs such as AutoCAD, REVIT, and CREO (Pro/E) software for work in any industry which utilizes CAD.
After completing the EDT Program, students can (1) work as designers and drafters in the fields of Architecture and Engineering with a two-year degree or (2) enhance their skills and knowledge of building design prior to transfer to a four-year institution to continue work toward an architectural or engineering degree (3) work in any industry where Computer-Aided Drafting (CAD) is used.
This degree and certificate program is designed for students pursuing employment or upgrading in employment in the fields of building design utilizing Manual and CAD drafting applications in architectural, engineering, or construction-related offices. This program is designed for students pursuing entry-level employment in Architecture, Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, and commercial construction drafting fields. Depending on their technical field of interest and capabilities, students who complete the program may find employment in any of the following types of jobs: Engineering Aide I, Engineering Aide II, Drafting Aide I, Drafting Aide II, Junior Drafter, Architectural Drafter, Mechanical Drafter/Designer Trainee, Electrical Drafter/Designer Trainee, Structural Drafter/Designer Trainer, Topographical Drafter/Designer Trainee, General Construction Drafter/Designer Trainee, General Construction Estimator Trainee, Computer-Aided Drafter, or Technical Sales representatives. Some students may also pursue four-year degrees in Architecture, Engineering, Construction, or Project Management.
Entry to mid-level
- Civil Engineering: $58,840
- Electrical Engineering: $67,593
- Mechanical Engineering: $63,527
- Surveying Engineering: $32,385
Program Maps
A.A./A.S. Degrees
- Dean Angelena Lambert
- Department Chair Kenneth Fitzpatrick
- Phone (916) 650-2758
- Email FitzpaK@scc.losrios.edu
Associate Degrees
A.S. in Architectural/Structural Design
This degree is designed for students pursuing employment or upgrade in employment in the fields of building Architectural design utilizing CAD design and drafting applications in architectural, engineering, manufacturing, or construction related offices.
Some students may also pursue four-year degrees in Architecture, Engineering, Manufacturing, Construction, or Project Management.
Engineering Design Technology is studied in lecture and drafting practice classes. Mathematics, science, and engineering fundamentals, which are all related to the content of this program, are studied in the Engineering Design Technology program or through recommended elective courses.
Program Costs: Normal student expenses for textbooks, personal equipment, and supplies are required. These expenses may vary each semester. If these expenses create a financial burden, students should consult the Financial Aid Office for possible assistance.
Recommended High School Preparation: Completion of English and general mathematics. It is desirable, but not required, that a student complete courses in drafting, industrial arts shop courses, one year of algebra, plane geometry, general science, and introduction to computers.
The program is open to all students. For information call (916) 650-2758 or (916) 558-2491.
Catalog Date: January 1, 2024
Degree Requirements
| Course Code | Course Title | Units |
|---|---|---|
| EDT 310 | Technical Graphics With CAD I | 3 |
| EDT 312 | Technical Graphics With CAD II | 3 |
| EDT 316 | REVIT-Architectural | 3 |
| EDT 317 | REVIT-MEP | 3 |
| EDT 318 | Beginning 3D Modeling-CREO | 3 |
| EDT 320 | Architectural/Structural Drafting | 4 |
| A minimum of 6 units from the following: | 6 | |
| EDT 332 | Building Mechanical Design Documents (3) | |
| EDT 336 | Building Mechanical Systems Design (3) | |
| EDT 340 | Plumbing and Piping Systems Design I (3) | |
| EDT 342 | Plumbing and Piping Systems Design II (3) | |
| EDT 352 | Building Electrical Design Documents (3) | |
| EDT 356 | Building Electrical Systems Design (3) | |
| EDT 498 | Work Experience in Engineering Design Technology (0.5 - 4) | |
| MATH 373 | Trigonometry for Calculus (4) | |
| SURVY 300 | Elementary Surveying (4) | |
| SURVY 310 | Survey Map Production (4) | |
| Total Units: | 25 | |
The Architectural/Structural Design Associate in Science (A.S.) degree may be obtained by completion of the required program, plus general education requirements, plus sufficient electives to meet a 60-unit total. See SCC graduation requirements.
Student Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this program, the student will be able to:
- prepare architectural plans for buildings using CAD software that conform with current industry standards.
- demonstrate the process of architectural design by applying design principles to building design projects.
- demonstrate application of CAD software programs used by industry in the design process.
- demonstrate proficiency in CAD software programs (AutoCAD, REVIT, and CREO) by preparing 3D computer engineering and architectural models.
Career Information
Depending on their technical field of interest and capabilities, students who complete the program may find employment in any of the following types of jobs: Engineering Aide I, Engineering Aide II, Drafting Aide I, Drafting Aide II, Junior Drafter, Architectural Drafter, Mechanical Drafter/Designer, Electrical Drafter/Designer, Structural Drafter/Designer, Topographical Drafter/Designer, General Construction Drafter/Designer, General Construction Estimator, Computer Aided Drafter, or Technical Sales representatives. Some students may also pursue four-year degrees in Architecture, Engineering, Manufacturing, Construction, or Project Management.
A.S. in Electric (Power-Lighting Systems)
This degree is designed for students pursuing employment or upgrade in employment in the fields of (1) building Electrical power and lighting systems design or (2) mechanical component design utilizing 2D and 3D CAD design and drafting software applications in architectural, engineering, manufacturing, or construction related offices.
Some students may also pursue four-year degrees in Architecture, Engineering, Manufacturing, Construction, or Project Management.
Engineering Design Technology is studied in lecture and drafting practice classes. Mathematics, science, and engineering fundamentals, which are all related to the content of this program, are studied in the Engineering Design Technology program or through recommended elective courses. General Education courses complete the recommended classes for the Engineering Design Technology curriculum.
Program Costs: Normal student expenses for textbooks, personal equipment, and supplies are required. These expenses may vary each semester. If these expenses create a financial burden, students should consult the Financial Aid Office for possible assistance.
Recommended High School Preparation: Completion of English and general mathematics. It is desirable, but not required, that a student complete courses in drafting, industrial arts shop courses, one year of algebra, plane geometry, general science, and introduction to computers.
The program is open to all students. For information call (916) 650-2758 or (916) 558-2491.
Catalog Date: January 1, 2024
Degree Requirements
| Course Code | Course Title | Units |
|---|---|---|
| EDT 310 | Technical Graphics With CAD I | 3 |
| EDT 312 | Technical Graphics With CAD II | 3 |
| EDT 316 | REVIT-Architectural | 3 |
| EDT 317 | REVIT-MEP | 3 |
| EDT 318 | Beginning 3D Modeling-CREO | 3 |
| EDT 352 | Building Electrical Design Documents | 3 |
| EDT 356 | Building Electrical Systems Design | 3 |
| A minimum of 6 units from the following: | 6 | |
| EDT 320 | Architectural/Structural Drafting (4) | |
| EDT 332 | Building Mechanical Design Documents (3) | |
| EDT 336 | Building Mechanical Systems Design (3) | |
| EDT 340 | Plumbing and Piping Systems Design I (3) | |
| EDT 342 | Plumbing and Piping Systems Design II (3) | |
| EDT 498 | Work Experience in Engineering Design Technology (0.5 - 4) | |
| MATH 373 | Trigonometry for Calculus (4) | |
| SURVY 300 | Elementary Surveying (4) | |
| SURVY 310 | Survey Map Production (4) | |
| Total Units: | 27 | |
The Electric (Power-Lighting Systems) Associate in Science (A.S.) degree may be obtained by completion of the required program, plus general education requirements, plus sufficient electives to meet a 60-unit total. See SCC graduation requirements.
Student Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this program, the student will be able to:
- perform design calculations and prepare electrical plans for building electrical systems that conform with current industry and ANSI standards.
- demonstrate the process of electrical design by applying design principles to building design projects.
- demonstrate proficiency in CAD software programs (AutoCAD, REVIT and CREO) by preparing 3D computer engineering and architectural models.
- demonstrate the processes of rapid prototyping of components represented by 3D computer engineering and architectural models.
Career Information
This program is designed for students pursuing entry level employment in architectural, electrical, and mechanical engineering, and commercial construction drafting fields. Some students may also pursue four-year degrees in Architecture, Engineering, Construction, or Project Management. Depending on their technical field of interest and capabilities, students who complete the program may find employment in any of the following types of jobs: Engineering Aide I, Engineering Aide II, Drafting Aide I, Drafting Aide II, Junior Drafter, Architectural Drafter, Mechanical Drafter/Designer Trainee, Electrical Drafter/Designer Trainee, Structural Drafter/Designer Trainer, Topographical Drafter/Designer Trainee, General Construction Drafter/Designer Trainee, General Construction Estimator Trainee, Computer Aided Drafter, or Technical Sales representatives.
A.S. in Engineering Design Technology
This degree is designed for students pursuing employment or upgrade in employment in the fields of component design or building design utilizing CAD drafting applications in architectural, engineering, manufacturing, or construction related offices.
Some students may also pursue four-year degrees in Architecture, Engineering, Construction, or Project Management.
Engineering Design Technology is studied in lecture and drafting practice classes. Mathematics, science, and engineering fundamentals, which are all related to the content of this program, are studied in the Engineering Design Technology program or through recommended elective courses. General Education courses complete the recommended classes for the Engineering Design Technology curriculum.
Program Costs: Normal student expenses for textbooks, personal equipment, and supplies are required. These expenses may vary each semester. If these expenses create a financial burden, students should consult the Financial Aid Office for possible assistance.
Recommended High School Preparation: Completion of English and general mathematics. It is desirable, but not required, that a student complete courses in drafting, industrial arts shop courses, one year of algebra, plane geometry, general science, and introduction to computers.
The program is open to all students. For information call (916) 650-2758 or 558-2491.
Transfer Students: Students who, after completing this program, are planning to continue specialization in this field by transferring to a four-year college, should consult the Requirements of Transfer Institutions section in this catalog and the engineering or related major sections of the specific catalog for the institution to which they wish to transfer. Consultation with an SCC counselor is advised.
Catalog Date: January 1, 2024
Degree Requirements
| Course Code | Course Title | Units |
|---|---|---|
| EDT 310 | Technical Graphics With CAD I | 3 |
| EDT 312 | Technical Graphics With CAD II | 3 |
| EDT 316 | REVIT-Architectural | 3 |
| EDT 317 | REVIT-MEP | 3 |
| EDT 318 | Beginning 3D Modeling-CREO | 3 |
| EDT 320 | Architectural/Structural Drafting | 4 |
| EDT 332 | Building Mechanical Design Documents | 3 |
| EDT 336 | Building Mechanical Systems Design | 3 |
| EDT 340 | Plumbing and Piping Systems Design I | 3 |
| EDT 342 | Plumbing and Piping Systems Design II | 3 |
| EDT 352 | Building Electrical Design Documents | 3 |
| EDT 356 | Building Electrical Systems Design | 3 |
| Total Units: | 37 |
The Engineering Design Technology Associate in Science (A.S.) degree may be obtained by completion of the required program, plus general education requirements, plus sufficient electives to meet a 60-unit total. See SCC graduation requirements.
Student Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this program, the student will be able to:
- prepare architectural, mechanical, and electrical plans for buildings that conform with current industry and ANSI standards.
- demonstrate the processes of building architectural, mechanical, and electrical design by applying design principles to building design projects.
- demonstrate proficiency in CAD software programs (AutoCAD, REVIT, and CREO) by preparing 3D computer engineering and architectural models.
- demonstrate the processes of rapid prototyping of components represented by 3D computer engineering and architectural models.
Career Information
This program is designed for students pursuing entry level employment in Architecture, Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, and commercial construction drafting fields. Depending on their technical field of interest and capabilities, students who complete the program may find employment in any of the following types of jobs: Engineering Aide I, Engineering Aide II, Drafting Aide I, Drafting Aide II, Junior Drafter, Architectural Drafter, Mechanical Drafter/Designer Trainee, Electrical Drafter/Designer Trainee, Structural Drafter/Designer Trainer, Topographical Drafter/Designer Trainee, General Construction Drafter/Designer Trainee, General Construction Estimator Trainee, Computer Aided Drafter, or Technical Sales representatives. Some students may also pursue four-year degrees in Architecture, Engineering, Construction, or Project Management.
A.S. in Mechanical (HVAC/Piping/Plumbing Systems)
This degree is designed for students pursuing employment or upgrade in employment in the fields of (1) building Mechanical design (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning HVAC, Plumbing and Piping or (2) mechanical component design utilizing 2D and 3D CAD design and drafting software applications in architectural, engineering, manufacturing, or construction related offices.
Some students may also pursue four-year degrees in Architecture, Engineering, Manufacturing, Construction, or Project Management.
Engineering Design Technology is studied in lecture and drafting practice classes. Mathematics, science, and engineering fundamentals, which are all related to the content of this program, are studied in the Engineering Design Technology program or through recommended elective courses. General Education courses complete the recommended classes for the Engineering Design Technology curriculum.
Program Costs: Normal student expenses for textbooks, personal equipment and supplies are required. These expenses may vary each semester. If these expenses create a financial burden, students should consult the Financial Aid Office for possible assistance.
Recommended High School Preparation: Completion of English and general mathematics. It is desirable, but not required, that a student complete courses in drafting, industrial arts shop courses, one year of algebra, plane geometry, general science, and introduction to computers.
The program is open to all students. For information call (916) 650-2758 or (916) 558-2491.
Catalog Date: January 1, 2024
Degree Requirements
| Course Code | Course Title | Units |
|---|---|---|
| EDT 310 | Technical Graphics With CAD I | 3 |
| EDT 312 | Technical Graphics With CAD II | 3 |
| EDT 316 | REVIT-Architectural | 3 |
| EDT 317 | REVIT-MEP | 3 |
| EDT 318 | Beginning 3D Modeling-CREO | 3 |
| EDT 332 | Building Mechanical Design Documents | 3 |
| EDT 336 | Building Mechanical Systems Design | 3 |
| EDT 340 | Plumbing and Piping Systems Design I | 3 |
| EDT 342 | Plumbing and Piping Systems Design II | 3 |
| A minimum of 5 units from the following: | 5 | |
| EDT 320 | Architectural/Structural Drafting (4) | |
| EDT 352 | Building Electrical Design Documents (3) | |
| EDT 356 | Building Electrical Systems Design (3) | |
| EDT 498 | Work Experience in Engineering Design Technology (0.5 - 4) | |
| MATH 373 | Trigonometry for Calculus (4) | |
| SURVY 300 | Elementary Surveying (4) | |
| SURVY 310 | Survey Map Production (4) | |
| Total Units: | 32 | |
The Mechanical (HVAC/Piping/Plumbing Systems) Associate in Science (A.S.) degree may be obtained by completion of the required program, plus general education requirements, plus sufficient electives to meet a 60-unit total. See SCC graduation requirements.
Student Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this program, the student will be able to:
- perform design calculations and prepare mechanical and plumbing plans for building mechanical and plumbing systems that conform with current industry and ANSI standards.
- demonstrate the processes of mechanical and plumbing design by applying design principles to building design projects.
- demonstrate proficiency in CAD software programs (AutoCAD, REVIT, and CREO) by preparing 3D computer engineering and architectural models.
- demonstrate the processes of rapid prototyping of components represented by 3D computer engineering and architectural models.
Career Information
This program is designed for students pursuing entry level employment in architecture, electrical and mechanical engineering, and commercial construction fields. Depending on their technical field of interest and capabilities, students who complete the program may find employment in any of the following types of jobs: Engineering Aide I, Engineering Aide II, Drafting Aide I, Drafting Aide II, Junior Drafter, Architectural Drafter, Mechanical Drafter/Designer Trainee, Electrical Drafter/Designer Trainee, Structural Drafter/Designer Trainer, Topographical Drafter/Designer Trainee, General Construction Drafter/Designer Trainee, General Construction Estimator Trainee, Computer Aided Drafter, or Technical Sales representatives. Some students may also pursue four-year degrees in Architecture, Engineering, Construction or Project Management.
Certificates of Achievement
Architectural/Structural Design Certificate
This Certificate of Achievement is designed for students pursuing employment or upgrade in employment in the fields of building Architectural design utilizing CAD design and drafting applications in architectural, engineering, manufacturing, or construction related offices.
Engineering Design Technology is studied in lecture and drafting practice classes. Mathematics, science, and engineering fundamentals, which are all related to the content of this program, are studied in the Engineering Design Technology program or through recommended elective courses.
Program Costs: Normal student expenses for textbooks, personal equipment, and supplies are required. These expenses may vary each semester. If these expenses create a financial burden, students should consult the Financial Aid Office for possible assistance.
Recommended High School Preparation: Completion of English and general mathematics. It is desirable, but not required, that a student complete courses in drafting, industrial arts shop courses, one year of algebra, plane geometry, general science, and introduction to computers.
The program is open to all students. For information call (916) 650-2758 or (916) 558-2491.
Catalog Date: January 1, 2024
Certificate Requirements
| Course Code | Course Title | Units |
|---|---|---|
| EDT 310 | Technical Graphics With CAD I | 3 |
| EDT 312 | Technical Graphics With CAD II | 3 |
| EDT 316 | REVIT-Architectural | 3 |
| EDT 317 | REVIT-MEP | 3 |
| EDT 318 | Beginning 3D Modeling-CREO | 3 |
| EDT 320 | Architectural/Structural Drafting | 4 |
| A minimum of 6 units from the following: | 6 | |
| EDT 332 | Building Mechanical Design Documents (3) | |
| EDT 336 | Building Mechanical Systems Design (3) | |
| EDT 340 | Plumbing and Piping Systems Design I (3) | |
| EDT 342 | Plumbing and Piping Systems Design II (3) | |
| EDT 352 | Building Electrical Design Documents (3) | |
| EDT 356 | Building Electrical Systems Design (3) | |
| EDT 498 | Work Experience in Engineering Design Technology (0.5 - 4) | |
| MATH 373 | Trigonometry for Calculus (4) | |
| SURVY 300 | Elementary Surveying (4) | |
| SURVY 310 | Survey Map Production (4) | |
| Total Units: | 25 | |
Student Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this program, the student will be able to:
- prepare architectural plans for buildings using CAD software that conform with current industry standards.
- demonstrate the process of architectural design by applying design principles to building design projects.
- demonstrate application of CAD software programs used by industry in the design process.
- demonstrate proficiency in CAD software programs (AutoCAD, REVIT, and CREO) by preparing 3D computer engineering and architectural models.
Career Information
This program is designed for students pursuing entry level employment in architectural, electrical and mechanical engineering, and commercial construction drafting fields. Depending on their technical field of interest and capabilities, students who complete the program may find employment in any of the following types of jobs: Engineering Aide I, Engineering Aide II, Drafting Aide I, Drafting Aide II, Junior Drafter, Architectural Drafter, Mechanical Drafter/Designer Trainee, Electrical Drafter/Designer Trainee, Structural Drafter/Designer Trainer, Topographical Drafter/Designer Trainee, General Construction Drafter/Designer Trainee, General Construction Estimator Trainee, Computer Aided Drafter, or Technical Sales representatives.
CAD Technology Certificate
This certificate is designed for students pursuing employment or upgrade in employment in fields that utilize CAD software to perform design, modeling, and drafting, including but not limited to: architecture, engineering, manufacturing, research and construction.
Program Costs: Normal student expenses for textbooks, personal equipment, and supplies are required. These expenses may vary each semester. If these expenses create a financial burden, students should consult the Financial Aid Office for possible assistance.
Recommended High School Preparation: Completion of English and general mathematics. It is desirable, but not required, that a student complete courses in drafting, industrial arts, one year of algebra, plane geometry, general science, and introduction to computers.
The program is open to all students. For information call (916) 650-2758 or (916) 558-2491.
Catalog Date: January 1, 2024
Certificate Requirements
| Course Code | Course Title | Units |
|---|---|---|
| EDT 310 | Technical Graphics With CAD I | 3 |
| EDT 312 | Technical Graphics With CAD II | 3 |
| EDT 315 | Beginning 3D Modeling-SolidWorks | 3 |
| EDT 316 | REVIT-Architectural | 3 |
| EDT 317 | REVIT-MEP | 3 |
| EDT 318 | Beginning 3D Modeling-CREO | 3 |
| EDT 319 | Advanced 3D Modeling/Rapid Prototyping | 3 |
| Total Units: | 21 |
Student Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this program, the student will be able to:
- use CAD and modeling software to the fields of architecture and engineering design, modeling, manufacturing, and construction.
- utilize CAD and modeling software to prepare computer models and design drawings of architectural and engineering related projects.
Career Information
This certificate is designed for students pursuing entry-level employment or upgrade in employment in fields that utilize CAD software to perform design, modeling and drafting, including but not limited to: Architecture, Engineering, Manufacturing, Research, and Construction. Depending on their technical field of interest and capabilities, students who complete the certificate may find employment in any of the following types of jobs: Engineering Aide I, Engineering Aide II, Drafting Aide I, Drafting Aide II, Junior Drafter, Architectural Drafter, Mechanical Drafter/Designer Trainee, Electrical Drafter/Designer Trainee, Structural Drafter/Designer Trainee, Topographical Drafter/Designer Trainee, General Construction Drafter/Designer Trainee, General Construction Estimator Trainee, Computer Aided Drafter, or Technical Sales representatives.
Electric (Power-Lighting Systems) Certificate
This Certificate of Achievement is designed for students pursuing employment or upgrade in employment in the fields of (1) building Electrical power and lighting systems design or (2) mechanical component design utilizing 2D and 3D CAD design and drafting software applications in architectural, engineering, manufacturing, or construction related offices.
Engineering Design Technology is studied in lecture and drafting practice classes. Mathematics, science, and engineering fundamentals, which are all related to the content of this program, are studied in the Engineering Design Technology program or through recommended elective courses.
Program Costs: Normal student expenses for textbooks, personal equipment, and supplies are required. These expenses may vary each semester. If these expenses create a financial burden, students should consult the Financial Aid Office for possible assistance.
Recommended High School Preparation: Completion of English and general mathematics. It is desirable, but not required, that a student complete courses in drafting, industrial arts shop courses, one year of algebra, plane geometry, general science, and introduction to computers.
The program is open to all students. For information call (916) 650-2758 or (916) 558-2491.
Catalog Date: January 1, 2024
Certificate Requirements
| Course Code | Course Title | Units |
|---|---|---|
| EDT 310 | Technical Graphics With CAD I | 3 |
| EDT 312 | Technical Graphics With CAD II | 3 |
| EDT 316 | REVIT-Architectural | 3 |
| EDT 317 | REVIT-MEP | 3 |
| EDT 318 | Beginning 3D Modeling-CREO | 3 |
| EDT 352 | Building Electrical Design Documents | 3 |
| EDT 356 | Building Electrical Systems Design | 3 |
| A minimum of 6 units from the following: | 6 | |
| EDT 320 | Architectural/Structural Drafting (4) | |
| EDT 332 | Building Mechanical Design Documents (3) | |
| EDT 336 | Building Mechanical Systems Design (3) | |
| EDT 340 | Plumbing and Piping Systems Design I (3) | |
| EDT 342 | Plumbing and Piping Systems Design II (3) | |
| EDT 498 | Work Experience in Engineering Design Technology (0.5 - 4) | |
| MATH 373 | Trigonometry for Calculus (4) | |
| SURVY 300 | Elementary Surveying (4) | |
| SURVY 310 | Survey Map Production (4) | |
| Total Units: | 27 | |
Student Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this program, the student will be able to:
- perform design calculations and prepare electrical plans for building electrical systems that conform with current industry and ANSI standards.
- demonstrate the process of building electrical design by applying design principles to building design projects.
- demonstrate proficiency in CAD software programs (AutoCAD, REVIT and CREO) by preparing 3D computer engineering and architectural models.
- demonstrate the processes of rapid prototyping of components represented by 3D computer engineering and architectural models.
Career Information
This program is designed for students pursuing entry level employment in architectural, electrical and mechanical engineering, manufacturing, or commercial construction fields. Depending on their technical field of interest and capabilities, students who complete the program may find employment in any of the following types of jobs: Engineering Aide I, Engineering Aide II, Drafting Aide I, Drafting Aide II, Junior Drafter, Architectural Drafter, Mechanical Drafter/Designer Trainee, Electrical Drafter/Designer Trainee, Structural Drafter/Designer Trainer, Topographical Drafter/Designer Trainee, General Construction Drafter/Designer Trainee, General Construction Estimator Trainee, Computer Aided Drafter, or Technical Sales representatives.
Engineering Design Technology Certificate
This Certificate of Achievement is designed for students pursuing employment or upgrade in employment in the fields of building design utilizing CAD drafting applications in architectural, engineering, manufacturing, or construction related offices.
Engineering Design Technology is studied in lecture and computer-aided drafting practice classes. Mathematics, science, and engineering fundamentals, which are all related to the content of this program, are studied in the Engineering Design Technology program or through recommended elective courses. General Education courses complete the recommended classes for the Engineering Design Technology curriculum.
Program Costs: Normal student expenses for textbooks, personal equipment, and supplies are required. These expenses may vary each semester. If these expenses create a financial burden, students should consult the Financial Aid Office for possible assistance.
Recommended High School Preparation: Completion of English and general mathematics. It is desirable, but not required, that a student complete courses in drafting, industrial arts shop courses, one year of algebra, plane geometry, general science, and introduction to computers.
The program is open to all students. For information call (916) 650-2758 or (916) 558-2491.
Catalog Date: January 1, 2024
Certificate Requirements
| Course Code | Course Title | Units |
|---|---|---|
| EDT 310 | Technical Graphics With CAD I | 3 |
| EDT 312 | Technical Graphics With CAD II | 3 |
| EDT 316 | REVIT-Architectural | 3 |
| EDT 317 | REVIT-MEP | 3 |
| EDT 318 | Beginning 3D Modeling-CREO | 3 |
| EDT 320 | Architectural/Structural Drafting | 4 |
| EDT 332 | Building Mechanical Design Documents | 3 |
| EDT 336 | Building Mechanical Systems Design | 3 |
| EDT 340 | Plumbing and Piping Systems Design I | 3 |
| EDT 342 | Plumbing and Piping Systems Design II | 3 |
| EDT 352 | Building Electrical Design Documents | 3 |
| EDT 356 | Building Electrical Systems Design | 3 |
| Total Units: | 37 |
Student Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this program, the student will be able to:
- prepare architectural, mechanical, and electrical plans for buildings that conform with current industry and ANSI standards.
- demonstrate the process of building architectural, mechanical, and electrical design by applying design principles to building design projects.
- demonstrate proficiency in CAD software programs (AutoCAD, REVIT and CREO) by preparing 3D computer engineering and architectural models.
- explain the processes of rapid prototyping of components represented by 3D computer engineering and architectural models.
Career Information
This program is designed for students pursuing entry level employment in architectural, electrical, mechanical, and commercial construction drafting and design fields. Depending on their technical field of interest and capabilities, students who complete the program may find employment in any of the following types of jobs: Engineering Aide I, Engineering Aide II, Drafting Aide I, Drafting Aide II, Junior Drafter, Architectural Drafter, Mechanical Drafter/Designer Trainee, Electrical Drafter/Designer Trainee, Structural Drafter/Designer Trainer, Topographical Drafter/Designer Trainee, General Construction Drafter/Designer Trainee, General Construction Estimator Trainee, Computer Aided Drafter, or Technical Sales representatives.
Mechanical (HVAC/Piping/Plumbing Systems) Certificate
This Certificate of Achievement is designed for students pursuing employment or upgrade in employment in the fields of (1) building Mechanical design (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning HVAC, Plumbing and Piping or (2) mechanical component design utilizing 2D and 3D CAD design and drafting software applications in architectural, engineering, manufacturing, or construction related offices.
Engineering Design Technology is studied in lecture and drafting practice classes. Mathematics, science, and engineering fundamentals, which are all related to the content of this program, are studied in the Engineering Design Technology program or through recommended elective courses. General Education courses complete the recommended classes for the Engineering Design Technology curriculum.
Program Costs: Normal student expenses for textbooks, personal equipment, and supplies are required. These expenses may vary each semester. If these expenses create a financial burden, students should consult the Financial Aid Office for possible assistance.
Recommended High School Preparation: Completion of English and general mathematics. It is desirable, but not required, that a student complete courses in drafting, industrial arts shop courses, one year of algebra, plane geometry, general science, and introduction to computers.
The program is open to all students. For information call (916) 650-2758 or (916) 558-2491.
Catalog Date: January 1, 2024
Certificate Requirements
| Course Code | Course Title | Units |
|---|---|---|
| EDT 310 | Technical Graphics With CAD I | 3 |
| EDT 312 | Technical Graphics With CAD II | 3 |
| EDT 316 | REVIT-Architectural | 3 |
| EDT 317 | REVIT-MEP | 3 |
| EDT 318 | Beginning 3D Modeling-CREO | 3 |
| EDT 332 | Building Mechanical Design Documents | 3 |
| EDT 336 | Building Mechanical Systems Design | 3 |
| EDT 340 | Plumbing and Piping Systems Design I | 3 |
| EDT 342 | Plumbing and Piping Systems Design II | 3 |
| A minimum of 5 units from the following: | 5 | |
| EDT 320 | Architectural/Structural Drafting (4) | |
| EDT 352 | Building Electrical Design Documents (3) | |
| EDT 356 | Building Electrical Systems Design (3) | |
| EDT 498 | Work Experience in Engineering Design Technology (0.5 - 4) | |
| MATH 373 | Trigonometry for Calculus (4) | |
| SURVY 300 | Elementary Surveying (4) | |
| SURVY 310 | Survey Map Production (4) | |
| Total Units: | 32 | |
Student Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this program, the student will be able to:
- perform design calculations and prepare mechanical and plumbing plans for building mechanical and plumbing systems that conform with current industry and ANSI standards.
- demonstrate the processes of mechanical and plumbing design by applying design principles to building design projects.
- demonstrate proficiency in CAD software programs (AutoCAD, REVIT, and CREO) by preparing 3D computer engineering and architectural models.
- demonstrate the processes of rapid prototyping of components represented by 3D computer engineering and architectural models.
Career Information
This program is designed for students pursuing entry level employment in Architecture, Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Manufacturing, and commercial construction fields. Depending on their technical field of interest and capabilities, students who complete the program may find employment in any of the following types of jobs: Engineering Aide I, Engineering Aide II, Drafting Aide I, Drafting Aide II, Junior Drafter, Architectural Drafter, Mechanical Drafter/Designer Trainee, Electrical Drafter/Designer Trainee, Structural Drafter/Designer Trainer, Topographical Drafter/Designer Trainee, General Construction Drafter/Designer Trainee, General Construction Estimator Trainee, Computer Aided Drafter, or Technical Sales representatives.
Engineering Design Technology (EDT) Courses
EDT 302 Building Trades Blueprint Reading
- Units:2
- Hours:36 hours LEC
- Prerequisite:None.
- Transferable:CSU
- Catalog Date:January 1, 2024
This is a course in blueprint reading and sketching related to building trades. Architectural, structural, electrical and mechanical drawings, details, and specification requirements will be examined in detail for residential, commercial, and industrial construction.
Student Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, the student will be able to:
- analyze and comprehend symbols and terminology used on architecture and engineering drawings and specifications.
- demonstrate comprehension of architectural and engineering drawing set interrelationships between disciplines.
- demonstrate an understanding of relationships between architectural and engineering plans and specifications.
EDT 310 Technical Graphics With CAD I
- Units:3
- Hours:36 hours LEC; 54 hours LAB
- Prerequisite:None.
- Transferable:CSU; UC (EDT 310,312 and 314 combined: maximum credit, one course)
- Catalog Date:January 1, 2024
This course introduces the process of technical documentation preparation for design, architectural, and engineering students. Topics include basic sketching, scale reading, drafting conventions, industry design terminology, orthographic and pictorial drawings, dimensioning techniques and sections. Computer-assisted drafting (CAD) topics include CAD techniques, software settings, and commands required to produce design drawings that conform to current industry standards. Students prepare a portfolio of their work.
Student Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, the student will be able to:
- demonstrate proficiency in sketching, scale reading, orthographic projection and pictorial drawings preparation, dimensioning techniques, sections, auxiliary views, and working drawing development.
- demonstrate proper application of drafting concepts and conventions by using CAD software to create, edit, scale, and plot architectural and engineering drawings.
- demonstrate proper application of CAD commands, techniques, and settings required to produce complete drawings that conform to current architectural and engineering industry standards.
- use the Windows operating system to perform file management tasks related to AutoCAD that are commonly used in a professional architectural and/or engineering design firm.
EDT 312 Technical Graphics With CAD II
- Units:3
- Hours:36 hours LEC; 54 hours LAB
- Prerequisite:EDT 310 with a grade of "C" or better
- Transferable:CSU; UC (310, 312 and 314 combined: maximum credit, one course)
- Catalog Date:January 1, 2024
This is a second course in technical documentation preparation for design, architectural and engineering students. Topics include auxiliary views, revolutions, patterns, isometric drawings, sections and plan set preparation. Advanced CAD topics include geometric calculator; dimensioning styles and techniques; dynamic and parametric symbols; CAD layer management; filters and selection sets; attributes; data extraction; bill of materials; program customization, preferences and profiles; plotting techniques and scripts. This course offers in-service training and upward mobility training to the professional CAD drafter. Emphasis is on in-office related production skills, advanced commands and program customization. Students prepare a portfolio of their work.
Student Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, the student will be able to:
- prepare auxiliary views, sections, revolutions, pattern development, isometric and other advanced orthographic projection drawings.
- apply advanced dimensioning and plotting techniques.
- demonstrate graphic entity data extraction and program integration with other software programs.
- demonstrate speed in operating the AutoCAD program through repetition and program customization.
EDT 314 Advanced Computer Assisted Drafting and Design
- Units:2
- Hours:18 hours LEC; 54 hours LAB
- Prerequisite:EDT 300 and EDT 310 with grades of "C" or better; or equivalent.
- Advisory:EDT 312 with grade "C" or better or equivalent.
- Transferable:CSU; UC (310, 312 and 314 combined: maximum credit, one course)
- Catalog Date:January 1, 2024
This course covers advanced study in computer aided drafting with emphasis on construction related topics. Course topics include, but are not limited to: basic three-dimensional studies, pictorial (isometric) and three dimensional drawings and dimensioning; customization using the AutoLISP programming language; use of database application to integrate drawing and schedule information in project drawing sets; 3D and UCS Coordinate Systems; Spherical and Cylindrical Coordinates; Solids and Primitives; Solid Model Editing 3D Objects; Wireframes; 3D Faces, Rendering; Light Sources and Backgrounds; Raster and PostScript Files, and applications of CAD to drawing development. The concepts also relate to other computer drafting applications.
Student Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, the student will be able to:
- prepare pictorial (isometric) and three dimensional drawings using CAD.
- demonstrate understanding of basic concepts of CAD customization using the AutoLISP programming language.
- use a database application to integrate drawing and schedule information in project drawing sets.
EDT 315 Beginning 3D Modeling-SolidWorks
- Units:3
- Hours:36 hours LEC; 54 hours LAB
- Prerequisite:None.
- Transferable:CSU; UC
- Catalog Date:January 1, 2024
This course provides instruction in the CAD 3D modeling and mechanical design automation software program SolidWorks, and will cover the basics of creating, editing and storing 3D models. Topics include the proper application of design concepts using SolidWorks to create and edit three-dimensional solid parts and assemblies, and orthographic projections from the solid geometry. Rapid prototyping may be presented in the course.
Student Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, the student will be able to:
- apply commands, techniques, and settings required to produce complete drawings that conform to current industry standards.
- apply design concepts using SolidWorks to create, edit, scale, and plot engineering models and drawings.
- analyze the manufacturability of three dimensional models and assemblies.
EDT 316 REVIT-Architectural
- Units:3
- Hours:36 hours LEC; 54 hours LAB
- Prerequisite:EDT 310 with a grade of "C" or better
- Transferable:CSU
- Catalog Date:January 1, 2024
This course provides instruction in the AutoDesk software package REVIT with a focus on architecture. Topics covered include but are not limited to: Building Information Modeling (BIM), parametric 3D design, tools for creating and analyzing architectural project designs, and automated tools for documentation.
Student Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, the student will be able to:
- properly apply drafting concepts by using REVIT software to create, edit, scale, and plot architectural and engineering drawings.
- properly apply CAD commands, techniques, and settings required to produce complete architectural and engineering drawings that conform to current industry standards.
EDT 317 REVIT-MEP
- Units:3
- Hours:36 hours LEC; 54 hours LAB
- Prerequisite:EDT 310 with a grade of "C" or better
- Transferable:CSU
- Catalog Date:January 1, 2024
This course provides instruction in the AutoDesk software package REVIT with a focus on MEP (Mechanical Electrical Plumbing). Topics covered include but are not limited to: Building Information Modeling (BIM), parametric 3D design tools for creating and analyzing HVAC, plumbing and piping systems, and power, lighting, and signal systems.
Student Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, the student will be able to:
- properly apply drafting and design concepts by using AutoCAD REVIT software to create, edit, scale, and plot mechanical, electrical, and plumbing engineering drawings.
- properly apply REVIT commands, techniques, and settings required to produce complete mechanical, electrical and plumbing drawings that conform to current industry standards.
EDT 318 Beginning 3D Modeling-CREO
- Units:3
- Hours:36 hours LEC; 54 hours LAB
- Prerequisite:None.
- Transferable:CSU
- Catalog Date:January 1, 2024
This course provides an introduction to Creo mechanical design software. Topics covered include, but are not limited to: 3D modeling, parametric design, model relations, tools for creating and analyzing projects, and detail and assembly drawings.
Student Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, the student will be able to:
- properly apply design concepts using Creo to create, edit, scale, and plot engineering drawings.
- properly apply commands, techniques, and settings required to produce complete drawings that conform to current industry standards.
- analyze the manufacturability of three dimensional models and assemblies.
EDT 319 Advanced 3D Modeling/Rapid Prototyping
- Units:3
- Hours:36 hours LEC; 54 hours LAB
- Prerequisite:EDT 318 with a grade of "C" or better
- Transferable:CSU; UC
- Catalog Date:January 1, 2024
This course provides advanced study in 3D mechanical design software. Topics covered include, but are not limited to: detailing, Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD & T), general tolerancing, wire frame, surfacing, parametric 3D solid modeling model relations, tools for creating and analyzing projects, detail and assembly drawings, 3D printing, an introduction to CNC machining, 3D scanning, laser and other cutting technologies, and Rapid Prototyping.
Student Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, the student will be able to:
- apply advanced design concepts using 3D modeling software (including but not limited to: CREO and/or SolidWorks and/or Inventor) to create, edit, scale, and plot 3D models.
- apply commands, techniques, and settings required to perform advanced 3D modeling and to produce complete drawings that conform to current industry standards.
- design, fabricate, and measure test parts.
- explore Additive Manufacturing process limits as well as appropriate applications of these technologies.
EDT 320 Architectural/Structural Drafting
- Units:4
- Hours:36 hours LEC; 108 hours LAB
- Prerequisite:EDT 310 with grades of "C" or better or equivalent (may be taken concurrently with EDT 320).
- Transferable:CSU
- Catalog Date:January 1, 2024
This course provides instruction in drafting practices involving building construction drawings and specifications and surveying practices related to architectural and engineering construction work.
Student Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, the student will be able to:
- apply basic principles of architectural and structural design, drafting and detailing.
- describe the roles of the various specialized consultants who interface on an architectural design project.
- describe application of California Title 24 Building Code requirements to architectural and structural design and drafting.
EDT 332 Building Mechanical Design Documents
- Units:3
- Hours:36 hours LEC; 54 hours LAB
- Prerequisite:EDT 310 with a grade of "C" or better; or concurrent enrollment in EDT 310
- Advisory:EDT 336 with a grade of "C" or better; or concurrent enrollment in EDT 336.
- Transferable:CSU
- Catalog Date:January 1, 2024
This course provides instruction in the preparation of mechanical construction documents for building HVAC, plumbing, and piping systems using computer aided drafting programs. Course work involves applying mechanical design calculations to building mechanical systems. EDT 336 should be taken concurrently with this course.
Student Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, the student will be able to:
- prepare mechanical design documents using CAD software for residential and light commercial buildings.
- describe requirements for preparation of mechanical design documents that will meet industry standards.
- apply California Title 24 Building Code requirements to building mechanical design.
EDT 336 Building Mechanical Systems Design
- Units:3
- Hours:54 hours LEC
- Prerequisite:None.
- Advisory:Concurrent enrollment in EDT 332.
- Transferable:CSU
- Catalog Date:January 1, 2024
This course focuses on the calculations of heat gain and loss in buildings, psychrometric analyses, types of HVAC systems and equipment selection, environmental comfort considerations, energy conservation strategies, equipment and methodologies, and California Title 24 code requirements. EDT 332 should be taken concurrently with this course.
Student Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, the student will be able to:
- apply the language of the building mechanical system design industry, mechanical terminology, and basic mechanical principles.
- apply mechanical heat gain/loss design calculations for residential and light commercial buildings.
- determine psychrometric conditions of outside air, supply air, return air, and mixed air streams of HVAC systems.
- select HVAC equipment based on load calculations and other constraints.
- interpret and apply California Title 24 building code and Good Practice design requirements to mechanical system design for residential and light commercial buildings.
EDT 340 Plumbing and Piping Systems Design I
- Units:3
- Hours:54 hours LEC
- Prerequisite:None.
- Advisory:Concurrent enrollment in EDT 342.
- Transferable:CSU
- Catalog Date:January 1, 2024
This course provides instruction in the design of domestic water supply, water heating, and gas piping systems for residential, and commercial buildings. Study includes the materials, methods, codes, and practices. EDT 342 should be taken concurrently with this course.
Student Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, the student will be able to:
- design plumbing supply systems and domestic water heating systems for residential and light commercial buildings.
- explain terminology and codes related to the plumbing industry.
- apply Uniform Plumbing Code with California Title 24 Amendments to the design of building plumbing systems.
EDT 342 Plumbing and Piping Systems Design II
- Units:3
- Hours:54 hours LEC
- Prerequisite:None.
- Advisory:Concurrent enrollment in EDT 340.
- Transferable:CSU
- Catalog Date:January 1, 2024
This course provides instruction in the design of plumbing waste, vent, storm drainage, and fuel gas piping systems for residential and commercial buildings. Study includes the materials, methods, codes, and practices. EDT 340 should be taken concurrently with this course.
Student Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, the student will be able to:
- describe the design principles for plumbing waste, vent, storm drainage systems and fuel gas systems for residential and light commercial buildings.
- describe the terminology and codes related to the plumbing industry.
- apply Uniform Plumbing Code with California Title 24 Amendments to building plumbing systems.
EDT 352 Building Electrical Design Documents
- Units:3
- Hours:36 hours LEC; 54 hours LAB
- Prerequisite:EDT 310 with a grade of "C" or better; or concurrent enrollment in EDT 310
- Advisory:EDT 356 with a grade of "C" or better; Concurrent enrollment in EDT 356.
- Transferable:CSU
- Catalog Date:January 1, 2024
This course provides instruction in the preparation of building electrical design documents for residential and light commercial buildings using computer aided drafting programs. Course work involves applying electrical design concepts and calculations to building electrical power wiring, motor, and lighting systems. EDT 356 should be taken concurrently with this course.
Student Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, the student will be able to:
- apply drafting and design skills to prepare electrical design documents for residential and light commercial buildings.
- use the language of the electrical industry, electrical terminology, symbology, and electrical principles.
- describe requirements of the National Electrical Code with California Amendments as applied to residential and light commercial buildings.
EDT 356 Building Electrical Systems Design
- Units:3
- Hours:54 hours LEC
- Prerequisite:None.
- Advisory:Concurrent enrollment in EDT 352.
- Transferable:CSU
- Catalog Date:January 1, 2024
This is a basic course on electrical systems for residential and commercial buildings with emphasis on practical industry, materials, methods, and California Title 24 electrical codes. EDT 352 should be taken concurrently with this course.
Student Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, the student will be able to:
- appropriately use and apply the language of the building electrical design industry, electrical terminology, symbology, and basic electrical principles.
- correctly use and apply electrical design calculations for residential and light commercial buildings.
- interpret and apply National Electrical Code with California Title 24 amendments and Good Practice design requirements to building electrical design for residential and light commercial buildings.
- apply electrical lighting design techniques for residential and light commercial buildings.
EDT 494 Topics in Engineering Design Technology
- Units:0.5 - 4
- Hours:9 - 36 hours LEC
- Prerequisite:None.
- Transferable:CSU
- Catalog Date:January 1, 2024
This specialized course has been developed in cooperation with industry to address emerging training needs.
Student Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, the student will be able to:
- apply special topics related to Engineering Design Technology.
- demonstrate analytical and critical thinking skills as they relate to the study of Engineering Design Technology.
- apply principles of Engineering Design Technology.
- collect and interpret data related to the topic area content.
EDT 495 Independent Studies in Engineering Design Technology
- Units:1 - 3
- Hours:54 - 162 hours LAB
- Prerequisite:None.
- Transferable:CSU
- Catalog Date:January 1, 2024
This course is for students who wish to develop an in-depth understanding in fundamental topics of Engineering Design Technology and to learn to work in a collaborative atmosphere with instructors and other students. Instructor approval is required to enroll in this course. UC transfer credit will be awarded only after the course has been evaluated by the enrolling UC campus. The units completed for this course cannot be counted towards the minimum 60 units required for admissions.
Student Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, the student will be able to:
- demonstrate the ability to select a suitable topic for investigation and to appreciate its relationship with current developments in the respective subject areas.
- demonstrate the ability to define clear research objectives and to select and review secondary sources that are relevant to the research questions in a structured and organized manner.
- design appropriate primary research projects that address the defined research objectives.
- deduce meaningful conclusions and recommendations from the sources reviewed and research conducted.
- work collaboratively with an instructor or instructors and other students.
EDT 498 Work Experience in Engineering Design Technology
- Units:0.5 - 4
- Hours:30 - 300 hours LAB
- Prerequisite:EDT 310 with a grade of "C" or better
- Enrollment Limitation:According to Education Code Title V regulations, a student cannot earn academic credits in a Work Experience class unless s/he has either a job or an internship.
- Transferable:CSU
- General Education:AA/AS Area III(b)
- Catalog Date:January 1, 2024
According to Title 5, code 55252, Occupational Work Experience Education is supervised employment extending classroom - based occupational learning at an on-the-job learning station related to the student's educational or occupational goal. This course is designed for students working in a paid or unpaid job, volunteer position or internship directly related to their major. The course will provide students with a structured program designed to teach them new soft skills and employability skills that will assist them in securing a job in the future and an opportunity to explore occupational interests that will assist them in the academic major and career decision making process. The student must have a job, volunteer, or internship position secured to remain enrolled in the course. Course content includes understanding the application of education to the workforce; responsibilities of an intern or employee in a workforce setting; completion of Title 5 Education Code documents (i.e. Student Application, Learning Objectives, Time Sheet, and Evaluation), that document the student's progress and hours spent in the workplace; and development of workplace soft skills and employability skills relevant to the 21st century workplace. Learning objectives will be developed between the student, employer, and Work Experience Instructor to best meet the students level of learning. During the semester, the student is required to complete 37.5 hours of related paid work experience, or 30 hours of related unpaid work experience for 0.5 unit. An additional 37.5 or 30 hours of related work experience is required for each additional 0.5 units. This course may be taken up to 4 times when there is new or expanded learning on the job for up to 16 units. Only one Work Experience course may be taken per semester.
Student Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, the student will be able to:
- apply classroom study through application of planned, supervised on-the-job experience.
- develop practical workplace (soft) skills, acquire knowledge, and build confidence in the workplace.
- evaluate himself/herself in the following Career/Life Planning Process: Self-Awareness; Career Awareness; Decision Making & Goal Setting; Job Search & Workplace Success; Balanced Lifestyle.
- improve his/her potential for promotion in the workplace.
- develop skills to conduct himself/herself in a professional manner in the workplace.
EDT 499 Experimental Offering in Engineering Design Technology
- Units:0.5 - 4
- Prerequisite:None.
- Transferable:CSU
- Catalog Date:January 1, 2024
This is the experimental courses description.
Faculty
Programs and Majors
Science, Math and Engineering
This program is part of the Science, Math and Engineering meta major.